Piotr Swiderski, Ph.D.

800-826-4673
Swiderski-Piotr
Research Professor, Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine
Research Area
Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
Non Covalent Conjugation of Oligonucleotides
Self-assembling Oligonucleotide Based Nanoparticles
Research Teams
Molecular Medicine
Location
Education & Experience
Degrees
  • 1989, Ph.D, Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
  • 1976, M.Sc., Eng., Polymers, Technical University, Poznan, Poland
Fellowship

  • Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope

Professional Experience
  • 2022-pres, Research Professor, Synthetic and Biopolymer Chemistry Core (SBCC), Dept of Cancer Biology & Molecular Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
  • 2010-2022, Research Professor, Synthetic and Biopolymer Chemistry Core (SBCC), Dept of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
  • 2008-2010, Associate Research Professor, Synthetic and Biopolymer Chemistry Core (SBCC), Dept of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
  • 1999-2008, Associate Research Scientist, RNA/DNA and Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Dept of Molecular Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
  • 1996-1999, Assistant Research Scientist, RNA/DNA and Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Dept. of Mol. Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
  • 1992-1996, Senior Research Associate, RNA/DNA and Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Dept. of Mol. Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
  • 1989-1992, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, RNA/DNA and Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Dept. of Mol. Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
Publications
  • Kujawski, Maciej, Li, Lin; Li, Harry; Yazaki, Paul; Swiderski, Piotr; Shively, John, “T cell surface generation of dual bivalent, bispecific T-cell engaging, RNA duplex cross-linked antibodies (dbBiTERs) for re-directed tumor cell lysis”, Biotechnology Journal, DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100389
  • Pinelopi Andrikakou; Vikash Reebye; Sorah Yoon; Daniel Vasconcelos; Jon Voutila; Andrew J.T. George; Piotr Swiderski; Robert Habib; Matthew Catley; David Blakey; Nagy A. Habib; John J. Rossi; Kai-Wen Huang, “Enhancing SIRT1 gene expression using small activating RNAs: A novel approach for reversing metabolic syndrome” Cell Metabolism
  • Zhuoran Zhang, Xingli Zhao, Dongfang Wang, Dayson Moreira, Yu-Lin Su, Marice Alcantara, Piotr Swiderski, Jeffrey Wong, Susanta Hui, Stephen Forman, Larry Kwak, Marcin Kortylewski, “Targeted in vivo delivery of NF-kB decoy inhibitor augments sensitivity of B-cell lymphoma to therapy” Molecular Therapy (Cell press).
  • Su YL, Wang X, Mann M, Adamus TP, Wang D, Moreira DF, Zhang Z, Ouyang C, He X, Zhang B, Swiderski PM, Forman SJ, Baltimore D, Li L, Marcucci G, Boldin M, Kortylewski M. Myeloid Cell-Targeted miR-146a Mimic Inhibits NF-kB-Driven Inflammation and Leukemia Progression in Vivo. Blood. 2019 Dec 5. pii: blood.2019002045. doi: 10.1182/blood.2019002045. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Nuzzo, Silvia & Catuogno, Silvia & Capuozzo, Maria & Fiorelli, Alfonso & Swiderski, Piotr & Boccella, Serena & F, de & Esposito, Carla. (2019). “Axl-Targeted Delivery of the Oncosuppressor miR-137 in Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer”. Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids. 17. 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.06.002. Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids
  • Yu-Lin Su, Xiuli Wang, Mati Mann, Tomasz Adamus, Dayson Moreira, Zhuoran Zhang, Ching Ouyang, Piotr Swiderski, David Baltimore, Stephen Forman, Ling Li, Marcin Kortylewski “Myeloid Cell-Selective miR-146a Mimic Inhibits NF--kB-Driven Inflammation and Tumorigenic Effects in Vivo” Blood
  • Dayson Moreira, Tomasz Adamus, Xingli Zhao, Yu-Lin Su, Zhuoran Zhang, Seok White, Piotr Swiderski, Xin Lu, Ronald DePinho, Sumanta Pal, and Marcin Kortylewski Manuscript Number: CD-18-0429, ”STAT3 inhibition combined with CpG immunostimulation activates antitumor immunity to eradicate genetically distinct castration-resistant prostate cancers” Published OnlineFirst October 18, 2018,doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1277, Clinical Cancer Research,
  • L.X. Nguyen, L. Li, D Zhao, B. Kumar, H. Wu, A. Lin,  F. Pellicano,  L. Hopcroft,  Yu-Lin Su, M. Copland, T.L. Holyoake,  C. Kuo,  R. Bhatia,  D. Snyder,  H. Ali,  A. Stein,  C. Brewer, H. Wang, T.  McDonald, Piotr Swiderski,  E. Troadec,  Ching-Cheng Chen,  A. Dorrance,  V. Pullarkat,  Yate-Ching Yuan, D. Perrotti,  N. Carlesso,  Stephen J. Forman,  M. Kortylewski, Ya-Huei Kuo,  G. Marcucci, “Bone Marrow Niche Trafficking of miR-126 Controls Self-Renewal of Leukemia Stem Cells in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia”, Nat Med 2018 May 5;24(4):450-462. Epub 2018 Mar 5.
  • Yijie Wang, Jan Hoinka, Piotr Swiderski and Teresa Przytycka, “AptaBlocks:  Accelerating the Design of RNA-based Drug Delivery Systems” RECOMB 2018, accepted to Cell Systems  
  • Xingli Zhao, Zhuoran Zhang, Dayson Moreira, Yu-Lin Su, Haejung Won, Tomasz Adamus, Zhenyuan Dong, Yong Liang, Hongwei Yin, Piotr Swiderski, Raju Pillai, Larry Kwak, Stephen Forman, and Marcin Kortylewski, "B-cell lymphoma immunotherapy using TLR9-targeted oligonucleotide STAT3 inhibitors" by Molecular Therapy.  2018 [Paper #MTJ-17-1760R2
  • Yu-lin Su, Zhuoran Zhang, Piotr Swiderski, Defu Zeng  Guido Marcucci, Mark Boldin, Marcin Kortylewski, “Targeted Delivery of miR-146a Mimic Oligonucleotides as a Potential Therapeutic Approach to Modulate NF-kB Signaling in Myeloid Leukemia and Myeloproliferative Diseases”, Experimental Hematology 64 (2018) S41–S51
  • Sorah Yoon, Kai-Wen Huang, Vikash Reebye, Duncan Spalding, Teresa M. Przytycka, Yijie Wang,  Piotr Swiderski, Lin Li, Brian Armstrong, Isabella Reccia, Dimitris Zacharoulis, Konstantinos Dimas, Tomokazu Kusano, John Shively, Nagy Habib and John J. Rossi, “Aptamer drug conjugates (ApDCs) of active metabolites of nucleoside analogues and cytotoxic agents inhibit pancreatic tumor cell growth” Article (PDF Available) in Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids · December 2016 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2016.11.008
  • Sorah Yoon, Kai-Wen Huang, Vikash Reebye, Paul Mintz, Yu-Wen Tien, Hong-Shiee Lai, Pål Sætrom, Isabella Reccia, Piotr Swiderski, Brian Armstrong, Agnieszka Jozwiak, Duncan Spalding, Long Jiao, Nagy Habib and John J Rossi, “Targeted Delivery of C/EBPα -saRNA by Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-specific RNA aptamers Inhibits Tumor Growth in Vivo” Accepted manuscript © 2016 The American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy.
  • Andrew R Chin, Miranda Y Fong, George Somlo, Jun Wu, Piotr Swiderski,  Xiwei Wu, Emily Wang “Cross-kingdom inhibition of breast cancer growth by plant miR159” Article in Cell Research 26(2) · January 2016 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.13
  • Qifang Zhang, Dewan Md Sakib Hossain, Priyanka Duttagupta, Dayson Moreira, Xingli Zhao, Haejung Won, Ralf Buettner, Sergey Nechaev, Marcin Majka, Bin Zhang, Qi Cai, Piotr Swiderski, Ya-Huei Kuo, Stephen Forman, Guido Marcucci, and Marcin Kortylewski,  “Serum-resistant CpG-STAT3 decoy for targeting survival and immune checkpoint signaling in acute myeloid leukemia” Blood. 2016 Mar 31; 127(13): 1687–1700. Pre-published online 2016 Jan 21. doi:  10.1182/blood-2015-08-665604, PMCID: PMC4817311
  • Hossain DM, Moreira D, Zhang Q, Nechaev S, Swiderski P, Kortylewski M. “TLR9-Targeted SiRNA Delivery In Vivo” Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1364:183-96. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_15.
  • John J. Rossi, Sorah Yoon, Nagy A. Habib, Paul J Mintz, Isabella Reccia, Kai-Wen Huang, Piotr Swiderski, Hong-Shiee Lai, Agnieszka Jozwiak, Brian Armstrong, Duncan Spalding, Long R Jiao, Vikash Reebye, Yu-Wen Tien, "C/EBPα -saRNA delivery by Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-specific RNA aptamers inhibits tumor growth in vivo" PNAS, The manuscript has been assigned tracking number 2015-11598.
  • Miranda Y. Fong, Weiying Zhou, Liang Liu, Aileen Y. Alontaga, Manasa Chandra, Jonathan Ashby, Amy Chow, Sean Timothy Francis O’Connor, Shasha Li, Andrew R. Chin, George Somlo, Melanie Palomares, Zhuo Li, Jacob R. Tremblay, Akihiro Tsuyada, Guoqiang Sun, Michael A. Reid, Xiwei Wu, Piotr Swiderski, Xiubao Ren, Yanhong Shi, Mei Kong, Wenwan Zhong, Yuan Chen and Shizhen Emily Wang, “Breast cancer-secreted miR-122 reprograms glucose metabolism in premetastatic niche to promote metastasis” Nature Cell Biology
  • Esposito Cl, Cerchia L, Catuogno S, de Vita G, Dassie Jp, Santamaria G, Swiderski P, Condorelli G, Giangrande Ph, de Franciscis V, “Multifunctional aptamer-miRNA conjugates for targeted cancer therapy”  Molecular Therapy 01/2014”
  • Andreas Herrmann, Saul J. Priceman, Piotr Swiderski, Maciej Kujawski, Hong Xin, Gregory A. Cherryholmes, Wang Zhang, Chunyan Zhang, Christoph Lahtz, Claudia Kowolik, Steve J. Forman, Marcin Kortylewski and Hua Yu, “CTLA4 aptamer delivers STAT3 siRNA to tumor-associated and malignant T cells”,  J. Clin. Invest. 2014; 124(7):2977–2987,
  • Andreas Herrmann, Gregory Cherryholmes, Anne Schroeder, Jillian Phallen, Darya Alizadeh, Hong Xin, Tianyi Wang, Heehyoung Lee, Christoph Lahtz, Piotr Swiderski, Brian Armstrong, Claudia Kowolik, Gary L Gallia, Michael Lim, Christine E Brown, Behnam Badie, Stephen J Forman, Marcin Kortylewski, Richard Jove, Hua Yu “TLR9 is Critical for Glioma Stem Cell Maintenance and Targeting.”  Cancer Research 07/2014; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1151
  • Hossain DM, Dos Santos C, Zhang Q, Kozlowska A, Liu H, Gao C, Moreira D, Swiderski P, Jozwiak A, Kline J, Forman S, Bhatia R, Kuo YH, Kortylewski M, “Leukemia cell-targeted STAT3 silencing and TLR9 triggering generate systemic antitumor immunity.” Blood, 02 January 2014, vol./is. 123/1(15-25), 0006-4971, 02 January 2014
  • Reebye V, Saetrom P, Mintz PJ, Huang KW, Swiderski P, Peng L, Liu C, Liu X, Lindkaer-Jensen S, Zacharoulis D, Kostomitsopoulos N, Kasahara N, Nicholls JP, Jiao LR, Pai M, Spalding DR, Mizandari M, Chikovani T, Emara MM, Haoudi A, Tomalia DA, Rossi JJ, Habib NA, “Novel RNA oligonucleotide improves liver function and inhibits liver carcinogenesis in vivo”., Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), January 2014, vol./is. 59/1(216-27), 0270-9139, January 2014
  • Nechaev S, Gao C, Moreira D, Swiderski P, Jozwiak A, Kowolik CM, Zhou J, Armstrong B, Raubitschek A, Rossi JJ, Kortylewski M, Intracellular processing of immunostimulatory CpG-siRNA: Toll-like receptor 9 facilitates siRNA dicing and endosomal escape. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society, 28 September 2013, vol./is. 170/3(307-15), 0168-3659, 28 September 2013
  • Chan Gao, Anna Kozlowska, Sergey Nechaev, Haiqing Li, Qifang Zhang, Dewan M.S. Hossain, Claudia M. Kowolik, Peiguo Chu, Piotr Swiderski, Don J. Diamond, Sumanta K. Pal, Andrew Raubitschek, and Marcin Kortylewski, “TLR9 signaling in the tumor microenvironment initiates cancer recurrence after radiation therapy”, Cancer Research, 2013
  • Charles Preston Neff, Jiehua Zhou, Leila Remling, Jes Kuruvilla, Jane Zhang, Haitang Li, David D Smith, Piotr Swiderski, John J Rossi, Ramesh, Akkina, “An aptamer-siRNA chimera suppresses HIV-1 viral loads and protects from helper CD4(+) T cell decline in humanized mice”. Sci Transl Med. 2011 Jan 19;3(66):66ra6. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001581.
  • C. Gao, A. Kozlowska, S. Nechaev, H. Li, D. Hossain, Q. Zhang, C. Kowolik, C. Peiguo, P. Swiderski, D. Diamond, A. Raubitschek, M. Kortylewski, “TLR9 triggers STAT3 signaling in myeloid cells to initiate tumor re-growth after radiation therapy” (our reference: 70663-RG-1) JCI 2013
  • Zhang Q, Hossain DM, Nechaev S, Kozlowska A, Zhang W, Liu Y, Kowolik CM, Swiderski P, Rossi JJ, Forman S, Pal S, Bhatia R, Raubitschek A, Yu H, Kortylewski M, TLR9-mediated siRNA delivery for targeting of normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells in vivo.” Blood, 21 February 2013, vol./is. 121/8(1304-15), 0006-4971, 21 February 2013
  • Zhou J, Neff CP, Swiderski P, Li H, Smith DD, Aboellail T, Remling-Mulder L, Akkina R, Rossi JJ, “Functional in vivo delivery of multiplexed anti-HIV-1 siRNAs via a chemically synthesized aptamer with a sticky bridge.” Molecular therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, January 2013, vol./is. 21/1(192-200), 1525-0016, January 2013
  • Jiehua Zhou, Katrin Tiemann, Pritsana Chomchan, Jessica Alluin, Piotr Swiderski, John Burnett, Stephen Forman, John Rossi, “Dual functional BAFF receptor aptamers inhibit ligand induced proliferation and deliver siRNAs to NHL cells”, Nucleic Acids Research 2012
  • JJ. H. Zhou, C. P. Neff, X. X. Liu, J. Zhang, H. T. Li, D. D. Smith, P. Swiderski, T. Aboellail, Y. Y. Huang, Q. Du, Z. C. Liang, L. Peng, R. R. Akkina and J. J. Rossi, “Systemic administration of combinatorial dsiRNAs via nanoparticles efficiently suppresses HIV-1 infection in Mice”, Mol Ther. 2011 Dec;19(12):2228-38. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.207. Epub 2011 Sep 27.
  • J. H. Zhou, H. T. Li, J. Zhang, P. Swiderski and J. J. Rossi, “Development of cell-type specific anti-HIV gp120 aptamers for siRNA delivery”, Journal of Visualized Experiments-Infectious Diseases, doi: 10.3791/2954, Jun 23, 2011.
  • C. P. Neff, J. H. Zhou, L. Remling, J. Zhang, H. T. Li, P. Swiderski, J. J. Rossi and R. Akkina, “An aptamer-siRNA chimera suppresses HIV-1 viral loads and protects from helper CD4+ T cells in humanized mice”. Science Translational Medicine, 2011, 3(66), 66ra6.
  • Ma Y, Kowolik CM, Swiderski PM, Kortylewski M, Yu H, Horne DA, Jove R, Caballero OL, Simpson AJ, Lee FT, Pillay V, Scott AM. Humanized Lewis-Y specific antibody based delivery of STAT3 siRNA.” ACS Chem Biol. 2011 Sep 16;6(9):962-70. Epub 2011 Jul 26.”
  • Jiehua Zhou, Piotr M. Swiderski, Haitang Li, Jane Zhang, C. Preston Neff, Ramesh Akkina and John J. Rossi, “Selection,m characterization and application of new RNA HIV gp 120 aptamers for facile delivery of Dicer substrate siRNAs into HIV infected cells”, Nucleic Acids Research, 2009, Vol. 37, No. 9, 3094–3109
  • Kortylewski M, Swiderski P, Herrmann A, Wang L, Kowolik C, Kujawski M, Lee H, Scuto A, Liu Y, Yang C, Deng J, Soifer HS, Raubitschek A, Forman S, Rossi JJ, Pardoll DM, Jove R, Yu H. “In vivo delivery of siRNA to immune cells by conjugation to a TLR9 agonist enhances antitumor immune responses.” Nat Biotechnol. 2009 Oct;27(10):925-32.
  • Jing Song, Jianghai Wang, Agnieszka A. Jozwiak, Weidong Hu, Piotr M. Swiderski, Yuan Chen, “Stability of thioester intermediates in ubiquitin-like modifications (p NA)”, Protein Science, Accepted Article Online: Sep 25, 2009
  • Hang Yuan, Linda Lanting, Zhong-Gao Xu, Shu-Lian Li, Piotr M. Swiderski, Sumanth Putta, Mahesh Jonnalagadda, Mitsuo Kato, Rama Natarajan, ”Effects of cholesterol-tagged small interfering RNAs targeting 12/15-lipoxygenase on parameters of diabetic nephropathy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes” Am J Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2008 August; 295(2)
  • Narkunarajaa Shanmugam, James L. Figarola, Yan Li, Piotr M. Swiderski, Samuel Rahbar, and Rama Natarajan “Proinflammatory Effects of Advanced Lipoxidation End Products in Monocytes”, Diabetes. 2008 April; 57(4): 879–888
  • Jarrod Clark, Taras Shevchuk, Piotr M. Swiderski, Rajesh Dabur, Laura E. Crocitto, Yaroslav I. Buryanov, Steven S. Smith “Construction of Ordered Protein Arrays” (2005), Book Series: Methods in Molecular Biology, Book: Protein Nanotechnology, Volume 300, p325-348
  • Jarrod Clark, Taras Shevchuk, Piotr M. Swiderski, Rajesh Dabur, Laura E. Crocitto, Yaroslav I. Buryanov and Steven S. Smith, (2003) “Mobility-shift analysis with microfluidics chips”, BioTechniques, Vol. 35, No. 3,
  • Qiang Liu, Piotr M. Swiderski and Steve S. Sommer "Truncated Amplification for Template-Driven Nucleic Acid Amplification" Biotechniques, 33, No. 1, 129-138 (2002)
  • David S. Snyder, Piotr M. Swiderski, Ross McMahon, Lijuan Yu, Ming-Jie Li, John J. Rossi, Stephen J. Forman and Yaping Wu, "Extremely efficient transfection of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia cells utilizing anti-bcr-abl cholesterol-conjugated DNAzymes" The American Society of Hematology 1999
  • J.-H. Yoon, Piotr M. Swiderski, Bruce Kaplan, M. Takao, A. Yasui, Bing Shen, Gerd Pfeifer "Processing of UV damage by FEN-1 proteins in an alternative DNA excision repair pathway" Biochemistry, 38,4809-4817, 1999
  • Pfeifer, G.P., Dammann, R., Tommasi, S., Tu, Y., Kaplan, B.E., and Swiderski, P. M. (1998) “Sequence-specific formation and repair of UV photoproducts in human cells”, Hönigsmann, H., Knobler, R.M., Trautinger, F. and Jori, G. (eds.), Landmarks in Photobiology, OEMF, Milano, Italy, pp. 236-239.
  • Konopka K, Rossi JJ, Swiderski PM, Slepushkin VA, Duzgunes N "Delivery of an anti-HIV-1 ribozyme into HIV-infected cells via cationic liposomes." Biochim Biophys Acta 1998 Jun 24; 1372 (1):55-68
  • Stella Tommasi, Piotr M. Swiderski, Yuging Tu, Bruce E. Kaplan, and Gerd P. Pfeifer, “Inhibition of Transcription Factor Binding by Ultraviolet-Induced Pyrimidine Dimers” Biochemistry, vol. 35, No. 49, 15693-15703 (1996)
  • Olaf Heidenreich, Xiao Xu, Piotr M. Swiderski, John J. Rossi and Michael Nerenberg, "Correlation of activity with stability of chemically modified ribozymes in nuclei suspension" Antisense Research and Development, 6:111-118 (1996)
  • Olaf Heidenreich, Shin-Heh Kang, David A. Brown, Xiao Xu, Piotr M. Swiderski, John J. Rossi, Fritz Eckstein and Michael Nerenberg, “Ribozyme-mediated RNA degradation of nuclei suspension” Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 23, No. 12, 2223-2228 (1995)
  • Piotr M. Swiderski, Eduard Bertrand, Bruce E. Kaplan, "Polystyrene Reverse-Phase Ion-Pair Chromatography of Chimeric Ribozymes" Analytical Biochemistry, 216, 83-86 (1994)
  • DS Snyder, Y Wu, JL Wang, JJ Rossi, Piotr M. Swiderski, BE Kaplan and SJ Forman, “Ribozyme-mediated inhibition of bcr-abl gene expression in a Philadelphia chromosome-positive cell line” Blood 1993 82: 600-605
  • Radhika Gade, Bruce E. Kaplan, Piotr M. Swiderski, and R. Bruce Wallace, “Incorporation of Nonbase Residues into Synthetic Oligonucleotides and Their Use in PCR” Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 10(2): 61-65, 1993
  • Vuokko T. Tormanen, Piotr M. Swiderski, Gerd P. Pfeifer, Bruce E. Kaplan and Arthur D. Riggs, "Extension Product Capture Improves Genomic Sequencing And Footprinting By Ligation-Mediated PCR", Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 20, No. 20, 5487-5488 (1992)
  • Nerida Taylor, Bruce E. Kaplan, Piotr M. Swiderski, Haitang Li and John J. Rossi, "Chimeric DNA-RNA hammerhead ribozymes have enhanced in vitro catalytic efficiency and increased stability in vivo" Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 20, No. 17, 4559-4565 (1992)
  • Piotr M. Swiderski; W. Z. Antkowiak; R. W. Adamiak, “First, Solid Support-Aided Introduction of Isopentyladenosine, Hypermodified Nucleoside of tRNA, into Oligoribonucleotide Chain” Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, Vol. 10, Issue 1 - 3 January 1991 , 599 – 600
  • Piotr M. Swiderski, P. Dembek, W. Z. Antkowiak, E. Biala, R. W. Adamiak, "Studies directed towards introduction of isopentenyladenosine and its 2-methylthio analog into oligoribonucleotides", Nucleic Acids Research, Symp. Series 18, 105 (1987)
  • W. Z. Antkowiak, P. Dembek, J. Milecki, Piotr M. Swiderski, K. Weclawek, M. Wiewiorowski, "Efficient synthesis of oligoribonucleotides", Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. Ser. Chem. v. XXVIII, nr.7-8, p.537 (1980